Selected districts, with at least one elementary school that has not previously taught Chinese but demonstrates readiness for beginning a new program and a commitment to building a K–12 Chinese program, will be invited to provide treatment schools. The NFLRC will identify control schools that are equivalent to the treatment schools in variables such as size, metro status (urban/suburban/rural), and socioeconomic class and/or minority population, among other confounding variables. No foreign language will be taught at the control schools. All students involved in the research will be in Kindergarten in Year 1, and will be followed across the three years through second grade. Each year a new cohort will begin in kindergarten and will be followed across the years.